adjective / verb HSK 5
zhǔ
independent · autonomous · self-determined · to make one's own decisions

Meaning

自主 describes the ability or right to make one's own decisions without external control or influence. It emphasizes self-governance, autonomy, and independence in action or thought. The word combines 自 (self) and 主 (to be in charge), literally meaning to be in charge of oneself.

Usage

Commonly used in formal or semi-formal contexts to describe autonomous actions, independent decision-making, or self-directed behavior. Frequently appears in educational contexts (自主学习 - autonomous learning), political discourse (自主权 - autonomy/sovereignty), and discussions about personal agency. It carries a positive connotation of maturity and capability.

Examples

  1. 01
    学生应该培养自主学习的能力。
    Xué shēng yīng gāi péi yǎng zhǔ xué de néng .
    Students should cultivate the ability to learn independently.
  2. 02
    每个国家都有自主决定自己事务的权利。
    Měi guó jiā dōu yǒu zhǔ jué dìng shì de quán .
    Every country has the right to autonomously decide its own affairs.

Characters

Common collocations

  • 自主学习
    zhǔ xué
    autonomous learning, self-directed study
  • 自主
    zhǔ quán
    autonomy, right to self-determination
  • 自主创新
    zhǔ chuàng xīn
    independent innovation
  • 自主选择
    zhǔ xuǎn
    to choose independently

Antonyms

Origin

Combines 自 (self) with 主 (master/controller), creating a compound that literally means 'self-mastery' or 'being one's own master.' This formation reflects classical Chinese word-building patterns where abstract concepts are created by pairing complementary characters.

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